![]() ![]() ![]() More importantly, we focus on multiple respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. We focus on the interaction of the lung microbiome with the oropharynx and gut microbiome and emphasize the role it plays in the innate and adaptive immune responses. This up-to-date review retrospectively summarizes the lung microbiome’s history, composition, and function. The pulmonary bacteriome has been intensively studied recently, but relatively little research has focused on the mycobiome and virome. ![]() The selection mechanisms in the lung, including clearance by coughing, pulmonary macrophages, the oscillation of respiratory cilia, and bacterial inhibition by alveolar surfactant, keep the microbiome transient and mobile, which is different from the microbiome in other organs. The microbiome of healthy lungs is mainly derived from the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome but also has its own characteristic flora. The lungs were long thought to be sterile until technical advances uncovered the presence of the lung microbial community. ![]()
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